Long-Term Outcome After Decompressive Craniectomy in a Developing Country.

BACKGROUND: Decompressive craniectomy (DC) may reduce mortality but might increase the number of survivors in a vegetative state. In this study, we assessed the long-term functional outcome of patients undergoing DC in a middle-income country. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of patients undergoing DC at a single tertiary hospital in southern Brazil between January 2015 and December 2018. RESULTS: Of the 125 patients who were included in this study, 57.6% (72/125) had a traumatic brain injury (TBI), 21.6% (27/125) had a stroke, 19.2% (24/125) had a cerebral hemorrhage (intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage), and 0.8% (1/125) had a cerebral abscess. The mean age was 45.18 ± 19.6 years, and 71% of the patients were men. The mean initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 7.8 ± 3.6. The in-hospital mortality rate was 44.8% (56/125). Of the survivors, 50.7% (35/69) had a favorable outcome 6 months after DC. After multivariate analysis, a lower initial GCS score (7.5 ± 3.6 versus 8.8 ± 3.5, P = 0.007) and older age (49.7 ± 18.9 versus 33.3 ± 16.2 years, P = 0.0001) were associated with an unfavorable outcome. CONCLUSION: Six months after DC, almost half of the patients who survive have a favorable outcome.

Effects of a Real-Life Park-Based Physical Activity Interventional Program on Cardiovascular Risk and Physical Fitness.

INTRODUCTION: Regular physical activity (PA) practice is a way to combat cardiovascular disease, and a PA interventional program, including individualized prescription of walking with limited supervision of execution, may be a strategy to be applied in public parks. Thus, our study tested the effects of a real-world program like this on cardiovascular risk and cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) of the users of a public park. METHODS: Data came from the Exercise and Heart Project, a real-life park-based PA interventional program. The study phases were 1) a preintervention evaluation; 2) the individualized prescription of PA; 3) the supervision of the first practice sessions; 4) the unsupervised execution of the prescription; and 5) a postintervention evaluation. RESULTS: Data from 152 participants (mainly women and aged 40 to 80 years) were analyzed. The intervention significantly increased CF (mean [standard deviation], 99 [19] steps vs 110 [21] steps, P < .001) and reduced body mass index, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure, decreasing global cardiovascular risk (mean [standard deviation], 0.15 [2.84] vs -0.52 [2.60]; P < .001). The effects of intervention on cardiovascular risk were not different between the participants with low and high initial CF or PA levels. CONCLUSION: The proposed real-life park-based PA interventional program decreased cardiovascular risk of the participants independently of their initial PA or CF levels.

In vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Cissus verticillata and Sphagneticola trilobata used for treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in Brazilian folk medicine

Cissus verticillata and Sphagneticola trilobata have been used in Brazilian folk medicine for Diabetes Mellitus treatment, although their pharmacological and toxicological profile has not been clearly established. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the preclinical toxicity of the aqueous extracts of C. verticillata and S. trilobata. The main groups of secondary metabolites were investigated, and the species differed by the presence of coumarins in C. verticillata and by tannins in S. trilobata extracts. The highest contents of phenolic compounds and flavonoids were quantified in C. verticillata infusion with 2.594 ± 0.04 mg equivalents of gallic acid g-1 of extract and 1.301 ± 0.015 mg equivalents of catechin g-1 of extract, respectively. While the extract of S. trilobata showed minimum values of these compounds, with 0.002 ± 0.001 mg equivalents of gallic acid g-1 extract and 0.005 ± 0.0004 mg equivalents of catechin g-1 of extract, respectively. These differences implied the results of in vitro antioxidant activity evaluated using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), in which the sample of C. verticillata at 5 mg mL-1 showed a value of 122 µM ferrous sulfate equivalents (FSE), while S. trilobata showed 0.93 µM FSE at the same concentration. With respect to cytotoxic assay with murine fibroblast cell line (3T3) only S. trilobata exhibited cytotoxic effects measured by MTT and Sulforhodamine B assays, evidenced by the cell viability value of approximately 16%, in both tests after 24 and 72 hours of exposure of the cells to 5 mg mL-1 of the extract. Comparatively, at 5 mg mL-1 the C. verticillata extract showed cell viability of 142% and 95%, respectively, after 24 hours of cell exposure. On the other hand, both species showed genotoxic profiles evidenced by chromosomal aberrations by Allium cepa bioassay, observed by the higher percentage values of chromosome bridges, chromosome loss, and disturbed anaphase for all concentrations of both extracts than those of the negative control. The results support the characterization of the toxicological profile for both species and create an alert regarding the use of S. trilobata, which should be avoided.

The relation between gross motor coordination and health-related physical fitness through raw and standardized measures from the KTK and Fitnessgram tests

Abstract Aim: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of considering single/ combined and raw/ standardized measures from the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK) and Fitnessgram tests on the relation between GMC and HRPF in four age-groups. Method: Participated five-hundred thirty-one children and adolescents (279 boys). The individuals were divided into four groups: 4 to 7, 7 to 9.5, 9.5 to 12, 12 to 15 years of age. We utilized the KTK and Fitnessgram tests to measure, respectively, GMC and HRPF. Bootstrap correlations and χ2 tests were performed for all individuals, and each group controlling for sex. Results: For the raw scores, correlations were around (absolute) r = 0.37, except body composition, with large decreases when controlling for age and sex. For standardized tests, considering either the GMC quotient or GMC categories, correlations were all significant (around r = 0.34). Finally, considering broad categories (apt/non-apt and coordinated/non-coordinated), the association was 0.16. Conclusions: We found clear influences of the measure utilized on the association between GMC and HRPF measures.

Development and Validation of a Checklist to Assess Proficient Performance of Basketball Straight Speed Dribbling Skill.

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a checklist to assess proficient performance of basketball straight speed dribbling skill. The sample was composed of 100 children and adolescents between 7 and 15 years of age with and without structured practice in basketball. The validation process tested the validity domain, decision, tendencies, reliability, responsiveness, and objectivity. The results show that the checklist contains criteria that represent the speed dribbling skill and is sensible to distinguish between different proficiency levels of performance. The results also expressed high reliability and objectivity (intra and inter-rater). In light of the findings, we concluded that the checklist can be used to reliably analyze performance and evaluate the process of learning and development of the straight speed dribbling skill.

Familial aggregation and heritability of markers of metabolic risk, physical activity, and physical fitness in nuclear families from Muzambinho (Minas Gerais, Brazil)

ABSTRACT Objective This study investigated the familial aggregation and heritability of markers of metabolic risk, physical activity, and physical fitness in nuclear families from Muzambinho (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Subjects and methods The study included members of 139 families, comprising 97 fathers (aged 40 ± 7 years), 129 mothers (35 ± 6 years), 136 sons (12 ± 4 years), and 121 daughters (12 ± 5 years). Evaluated markers included (A) body mass index, waist circumference, glycemia, and cholesterolemia, as metabolic risk markers; (B) total weekly volume of physical activity, as a physical activity marker; and (C) relative muscle strength, as a physical fitness marker. Correlations between family members and heritability (h2) were estimated using the software S.A.G.E. Results Significant familial correlations were obtained between parents-offspring for glycemia and cholesterolemia (both ρ = 0.21, p < 0.05) and relative muscle strength (ρ = 0.23, p < 0.05), and between siblings for waist circumference, glycemia, total weekly volume of physical activity, and relative muscle strength (ρ variation 0.25 to 0.36, p < 0.05). Heritability values were significant for almost all variables (h2 variations: 20% to 57% for metabolic risk markers, 22% for the total weekly volume of physical activity, and 50% for relative muscle strength), except for waist circumference (h2 = 15%, p = 0.059). Conclusion The presence of significant correlations between family members and/or significant heritability strengthens the possible genetic and/or common familial environment influence on metabolic risk markers, total weekly volume of physical activity, and relative muscle strength.

Familial aggregation and heritability of markers of metabolic risk, physical activity, and physical fitness in nuclear families from Muzambinho (Minas Gerais, Brazil).

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the familial aggregation and heritability of markers of metabolic risk, physical activity, and physical fitness in nuclear families from Muzambinho (Minas Gerais, Brazil). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study included members of 139 families, comprising 97 fathers (aged 40 ± 7 years), 129 mothers (35 ± 6 years), 136 sons (12 ± 4 years), and 121 daughters (12 ± 5 years). Evaluated markers included (A) body mass index, waist circumference, glycemia, and cholesterolemia, as metabolic risk markers; (B) total weekly volume of physical activity, as a physical activity marker; and (C) relative muscle strength, as a physical fitness marker. Correlations between family members and heritability (h2) were estimated using the software S.A.G.E. RESULTS: Significant familial correlations were obtained between parents-offspring for glycemia and cholesterolemia (both ρ = 0.21, p < 0.05) and relative muscle strength (ρ = 0.23, p < 0.05), and between siblings for waist circumference, glycemia, total weekly volume of physical activity, and relative muscle strength (ρ variation 0.25 to 0.36, p < 0.05). Heritability values were significant for almost all variables (h2 variations: 20% to 57% for metabolic risk markers, 22% for the total weekly volume of physical activity, and 50% for relative muscle strength), except for waist circumference (h2 = 15%, p = 0.059). CONCLUSION: The presence of significant correlations between family members and/or significant heritability strengthens the possible genetic and/or common familial environment influence on metabolic risk markers, total weekly volume of physical activity, and relative muscle strength.

No Improvement on the Learning of Golf Putting By Older Persons With Self-Controlled Knowledge of Performance.

The aim of this study was to verify if older adults would benefit from a self-controlled schedule of knowledge of performance (KP) in the motor skill learning. The study's participants included 22 women and 18 men, with an average age of 68 years (SD = 2.95 years). These were divided into two groups: "Self," in which participants had control over when they received KP and "Yoked," in which participants received KP in a paired manner with the Self group. The learning task was golf putting. Results showed that the groups had similar scores for accuracy and consistency of performance. Results also showed that KP requests were more based on bad trials than good trials. It appears that the important variable for motor learning is not who controls the provision of feedback, but also the older adults' ability to use the information.

Relationship between perceived athletic competence, maturational status and physical activity in boys and girls / Relação entre competência atlética percebida, estado maturacional e atividade física em rapazes e moças

ABSTRACT The Organized Practice of physical activities (OP) is a kind of physical activity carried out in an organized program of frequency and duration, under the supervision of an adult (teacher or coach), and involve some kind of demonstration of performance which may be competitions and/or festivals. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the Perceived Athletic Competence (PAC) and the time spent in Organized Practices in sports and dance, considering the adolescent maturational status and sex. In this cross-sectional and correlational study participated 213 boys and girls aged between 13 and 16 years. The Perceived Athletic Competence and the Organized Practices of the individuals was assessed by questionnaires. The maturational status was determined by calculating the peak growth rate. Bivariate and partial correlations were performed. The results showed that regardless of maturational status of individuals, there was a positive relationship between Perceived Athletic Competence and total Organized Practices for boys and girls (rho = 0.40, p < 0.01). In this study, the relationship between Perceived Athletic Competence and time spent in Organized Practices during childhood until adolescence appeared to be an independent event from maturational status.

RESUMO A Prática Organizada de atividades físicas (PO) é um tipo de atividade física realizada por programa organizado com frequência e duração, sob a supervisão de um adulto (professor ou treinador), e envolve algum tipo de demonstração do seu desempenho, que pode ser por meio de competições e/ou festivais. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre a Competência Atlética Percebida (CAP) e o tempo gasto em Práticas Organizadas em esportes, lutas e danças, considerando o estado maturacional e o sexo de adolescentes. Neste estudo transversal e correlacional participaram 213 rapazes e moças com idade entre 13 e 16 anos. A CAP e as PO dos indivíduos foram avaliadas por meio de questionários. O estado maturacional foi determinado pelo cálculo do pico de volocidade de crescimento. Correlações bivariadas e parciais foram realizadas para análise dos dados. Os resultados mostraram que independentemente do estado maturacional dos indivíduos, houve uma relação positiva entre a Competência Atlética Percebida e o Total de Práticas Organizadas para rapazes e moças (rho = 0,40, p <0,01). Neste estudo, a relação entre a Competência Atlética Percebida e o tempo gasto nas Práticas Organizadas, durante a infância até a adolescência, pareceu ser um evento independente do estado maturacional.

Acute Spontaneous Subdural Hematoma in Posterior Fossa: Great Outcome.

BACKGROUND: Acute subdural hematomas are frequently seen in brain trauma-injured patients. However, spontaneous subdural hematomas are uncommon, especially those localized in the posterior fossa, where fewer than 10 case reports have been described in the medical literature. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe a patient who suddenly had a headache and progressed rapidly to coma and signs of brainstem compression. She was diagnosed with posterior fossa subdural hematoma after image examinations that were endorsed by surgical findings. A posterior fossa craniectomy was performed and was associated with blood drainage. CONCLUSIONS: The patient had a great outcome, with no neurologic deficits at hospital discharge and the 1-year follow-up.

Relação entre atividade física, aptidão física e risco cardiovascular: estudo em muzambinho, minas gerais / Relationship between physical activity, physical fitness and cardiovascular risk: study in muzambinho, minas gerais / Relación entre actividad física, aptitud física y riesgo cardiovascular: estudio en muzambinho, minas gerais

RESUMO Introdução: A relação negativa entre atividade física, aptidão física e risco cardiovascular está bem estabelecida em populações com baixos níveis de atividade física. Objetivo: O presente estudo investigou essa relação em adultos de Muzambinho, Minas Gerais, uma população com alta taxa de indivíduos fisicamente ativos. Métodos: Participaram 237 indivíduos (132 mulheres), na maioria jovens (44,3% entre 20 e 39 anos). Foram avaliados indicadores de risco cardiovascular (índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura, glicemia de jejum, colesterolemia de jejum e pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica), atividade física (volume semanal de atividade física total) e aptidão física (aptidão aeróbica e força manual relativa). Resultados: Mais de 90% dos indivíduos foram classificados como ativos (praticavam atividade física por mais de 150 min/semana). A regressão linear identificou associação negativa da força manual relativa e da aptidão aeróbica ao índice de massa corporal e a circunferência da cintura, bem como associação positiva da força manual relativa à pressão arterial diastólica. Os indicadores de atividade física e aptidão física não se associaram ao risco cardiovascular global. Conclusão: Nessa população, a relação inversa entre atividade física, aptidão física e risco cardiovascular limitou-se aos indicadores de aptidão física e aos de obesidade, sugerindo que em populações com alta taxa de indivíduos fisicamente ativos, o aumento da aptidão física, mas não da atividade física, pode ajudar a reduzir a obesidade. Nível de Evidência II; ECRC de menor qualidade.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The negative relationship between physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular risk is well established in populations with low levels of physical activity. Objective: The present study investigated this relationship in adults from Muzambinho, Minas Gerais, a population with a high rate of physically active individuals. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-seven individuals (132 women), mostly young adults (44.3% between 20 and 39 years) were assessed. Cardiovascular risk predictors (body mass index, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, fasting cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure), physical activity (total weekly volume of total physical activity) and physical fitness (aerobic fitness and relative hand strength) were measured. Results: More than 90% of the individuals were classified as active (they practiced physical activity for more than 150 min/week). Linear regression identified a negative association of relative hand strength and aerobic fitness to body mass index and waist circumference, as well as a positive association of relative hand strength with diastolic blood pressure. The indicators of physical activity and physical fitness showed no association with global cardiovascular risk. Conclusion: In this population, the inverse relationship between physical activity, physical fitness and cardiovascular risk was limited to physical fitness and obesity indicators, suggesting that in populations with high rates of physically active individuals, the increase in physical fitness, but not in physical activity, can help reduce obesity. Level of Evidence II; Lesser quality RCT.

RESUMEN Introducción: La relación negativa entre actividad física, aptitud física y riesgo cardiovascular está bien establecida en poblaciones con bajos niveles de actividad física. Objetivo: Este estudio investigó esta relación en adultos de Muzambinho, Minas Gerais, una población con una alta tasa de individuos físicamente activos. Métodos: Participaron 237 individuos (132 mujeres), en su mayoría jóvenes (44,3% entre los 20 y 39 años). Se evaluaron indicadores de riesgo cardiovascular (índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de la cintura, glucosa en ayunas, colesterol en ayunas y presión arterial sistólica y diastólica), actividad física (volumen semanal de actividad física total) y aptitud física (capacidad aeróbica y fuerza relativa de la mano). Resultados: Más del 90% de los individuos fueron clasificados como activos (practicaban actividad física por más de 150 min/semana). La regresión lineal identificó asociación negativa de la fuerza relativa de la mano y la capacidad aeróbica al índice de masa corporal y la circunferencia de la cintura, así como la asociación positiva de la fuerza relativa de la mano a la presión arterial diastólica. Los indicadores de actividad física y aptitud física no se asociaron al riesgo cardiovascular global. Conclusión: En esta población, la relación inversa entre actividad física, aptitud física y riesgo cardiovascular se limitó a los indicadores de aptitud física y obesidad, lo que sugiere que en poblaciones con alta tasa de individuos físicamente activos, el aumento de la aptitud física, pero no de la actividad física, puede ayudar a reducir la obesidad. Nivel de Evidencia II; ECRC de menor calidad.

Relationship between physical activity, physical fitness and multiple metabolic risk in youths from Muzambinho's study.

Negative associations between physical activity (PA), physical fitness and multiple metabolic risk factors (MMRF) in youths from populations with low PA are reported. The persistence of this association in moderately-to highly active populations is not, however, well established. The aim of the present study was to investigate this association in a Brazilian city with high frequency of active youths. We assessed 122 subjects (9.9 ± 1.3 years) from Muzambinho city. Body mass index, waist circumference, glycaemia, cholesterolaemia, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured. Maximal handgrip strength and one-mile walk/run test were used. Leisure time PA was assessed by interview. Poisson regression was used in the analysis. The model explained 11% of the total variance. Only relative muscular strength and one-mile walk/run were statistically significant (p < .05). Those who needed more time to cover the one-mile walk/run test had an increased in metabolic risk of 11%, and those with greater strength reduced the risk by about 82%. In conclusion, children and youths from an active population who need less time to cover the one-mile walk/run test or who had greater muscular strength showed a reduced metabolic risk. These results suggest that even in children and youths with high leisure time PA, a greater aerobic fitness and strength might help to further reduce their MMRF.

Frequency of provision of knowledge of performance on skill acquisition in older persons.

The provision of feedback is a crucial factor for the evolution of the learner's performance. It is known that the knowledge of performance has the function of guiding the learner's attention to critical aspects of the movement pattern. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of frequency of knowledge of performance (KP) during the acquisition of the basketball free throw in older persons. Sixty active individuals (men and women) aged 60-69 years of age, divided into three experimental groups received KP in 100, 66, and 33% of their attempts during three practice sessions totaling 90 trials. The task was the basketball free throw. Volunteers were asked to conduct tests of immediate retention, 24 h retention, and 24 h transfer test, after the last practice session. During the acquisition phase, the volunteers received KP on the movement pattern on the previous attempt, which was obtained from a qualitative hierarchical checklist of the free throw (14 items). Sessions were recorded in order to confirm whether volunteers were able to score throughout sessions. ANOVA indicated that all individuals showed an improved performance in the retention and transfer tests. But the KP frequency of 66% was superior in both qualitative (movement pattern) and quantitative (score) measurements throughout the trials (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion older persons seem to need an optimal KP frequency supply during the learning process.

An adaptive process model of motor learning: insights for the teaching of motor skills.

This article presents an outline of a non-equilibrium model, in which motor learning is explained as a continuous process of stabilization and adaptation. The article also shows how propositions derived from this model have been tested, and discusses possible practical implications of some supporting evidence to the teaching of motor skills. The stabilization refers to a process of functional stabilization that is achieved through negative feedback mechanisms. Initially, inconsistent and incorrect responses are gradually reduced, leading to a spatial-temporal patterning of the action. The adaptation is one in which new skills are formed from the reorganization of those already acquired through the flexibility of the system, reorganization of the skill structure, or self-organization. In order to provide learners with competency for adaptation, teachers should (a) guide students to learn motor skills taking into account that the stabilization of performance is just a transitory state that must be dismantled to achieve higher levels of complexity; (b) be clear which parts (micro) compose the skills and how they interact in order to form the whole (macro); (c) manipulate the skills in terms of their temporal, spatial, and/or spatiotemporal dimensions; (d) organize practice initially in a constant way, and then in a varied regimen (random) when the motor skills involve requirements of time and force; and, inversely for motor skills with spatial demands; and (e), provide a moderate frequency of feedback.

O ensino de habilidades motoras esportivas na escola e o esporte de alto rendimento: discurso, realidade e possibilidades / The teaching of sport motor skills in the school and the high performance sport: discourse, reality and possibilities

A massificação da prática esportiva começando pela escola tem sido sugerida como uma forma eficaz para transformar o Brasil numa potência no esporte de alto rendimento. O objetivo deste ensaio é analisar e refletir sobre o discurso, a realidade e as possiblidades de ensino do esporte na escola, tendo como pano de fundo a relação entre a Educação Física Escolar e o esporte de alto rendimento. Em outras palavras, fazer uma análise crítica para qualificar a vinculação escola-esporte de alto rendimento com o intuito de deixar claro o papel social da escola e a sua eventual contribuição para a formação de atletas, e para discutir as possibilidades reais de se ensinar o esporte na escola, particularmente as habilidades motoras, consideradas as condições em que ela se encontra...

The amplification of mass sport practice starting from school physical education has been suggested as an effective way to transform Brazil in a powerful high performance sport country. The objective of this essay is to analyze and reflect on discourse, reality and possibilities of teaching sport in the schools having as a background the relationship between school physical education and high performance sport. In other words, to carry out a critical analysis to qualify the link school-high performance sport in order to make clear the social role of the school and its eventual contribution to the formation of athletes, and to discuss the real possibilities to teach sport in the schools, particularly motor skills, considering the conditions in which they now are...

Risco cardiovascular e prática de atividade física em adultos de Muzambinho/MG: influência do gênero e da idade / Cardiovascular risk and physical activity in adults from Muzambinho/MG: influence of gender and age

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRC) e da prática de atividade física (AF) em diferentes domínios em adultos de Muzambinho-MG, avaliando a influência do gênero e da idade. Para tanto, o peso corporal, a estatura, a glicemia, a colesterolemia, a pressão arterial e a prática de AF (ocupacional, deslocamento e lazer) foram avaliados em 223 adultos desta cidade (37,2±6,3 anos, 57% mulheres). As comparações entre gêneros (homens e mulheres) e idades (mediana do grupo - > e ? 36,9 anos) foram feitas pelo teste Qui-quadrado. P<0,05 foi aceito como significante. As prevalências dos FRC foram elevadas para excesso de peso (54,6%) e obesidade central (30,4%). Contrariamente, apenas 4,1% dos indivíduos foram considerados insuficientemente ativos ou inativos, sendo que 52,2% relataram praticar alguma AF de deslocamento, 89,3% ocupacional e 34,8% de lazer. Os homens apresentaram maior prevalência de sobrepeso, colesterol alto e prática de alguma AF de lazer. As mulheres apresentaram maior prevalência de obesidade, obesidade central e prática de alguma AF de deslocamento. Os indivíduos com mais de 36,9 anos apresentaram maior prevalência de colesterol elevado e hipertensão, menor prevalência de prática de alguma AF ocupacional e maior prevalência de AF suficiente de lazer. Conclui-se, portanto, que nos adultos residentes da cidade de Muzambinho, a prevalência dos FRC referentes à gordura corporal foi elevada apesar da alta prevalência de AF total suficiente. A prevalência dos FRC e da prática de AF nos diferentes domínios diferiram entre gêneros e idades.

The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) and diferente domains of physical activity (PA) in adults from Muzambinho-MG, verifying the influence of gender and age. For that, weight, height, glycemia, cholesterolemia, blood pressure and PA (occupational, commuting, and leisure time) were evaluated in 223 adults from this city (37.2 ± 6.3 years, 57% of women). Comparisons between genders (men and women) and age groups (sample median- > and ? 36.9 years) were made by chi-square test. P<0.05 was accepted as significant. CRF prevalences were high for body weight excess (54.6%) and central obesity (30.4%). On contrary, only 4.1% of the subjects were classified as insufficiently active or inactive, whereas 52.2% reported the practice of commuting PA, 89.3% occupational PA and 34.8% leisure time PA. Men presented a higher prevalence of overweight, high cholesterolemia and practice of leisure PA. Women presented higher prevalence of obesity, high waist circumference and practice of commuting PA. Subjects over 36.9 years presented higher prevalence of high cholesterolemia and hypertension, lower prevalence of practice of occupational PA and higher prevalence of sufficient leisure PA. It is concluded, therefore, that in adults living in the city of Muzambinho, the prevalence of CRF related to body fat was high despite of high levels of sufficient total PA. The prevalences of CRF and different domains PA practice differed between the genders and changed with age.

Aquisição da habilidade motora rebater na educação física escolar: um estudo das dicas de aprendizagem como conteúdo de ensino / The acquisition of striking motor skill in school physical education: a study of learning cues as educational con

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o efeito das dicas verbais na aquisição da habilidade rebater na Educação Física Escolar (EFE), com foco de atenção no seu aspecto perceptivo e motor. Participaram do estudo 84 alunos de três turmas de uma escola (faixa etária entre seis a oito anos). Cada turma correspondeu a um grupo: sem dicas, com dica perceptiva e com dica motora. O experimento teve três fases: pré-teste, aulas de EFE e pós-teste. O grupo com dica perceptiva apresentou melhores resultados. Portanto, verificou-se o efeito das dicas relacionado com a especificidade da tarefa no que se refere às suas demandas de processamento. Assim concluiu-se que a dica de aprendizagem relacionada à especificidade da tarefa mostrou o seu potencial como um conhecimento que orienta os alunos em direção à melhoria da qualidade do movimento, confirmando a possibilidade de sua inclusão como conteúdo de ensino da EFE.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of verbal cues on the acquisition of a striking skill, focusing on their perceptual and motor aspects. The sample of this study was made of 84 public school students aged between six to eight years old from three classrooms of the same school. Each classroom constituted a group: no cue, perceptual cue and motor cue group. The experiment was carried out in three phases: pre-test, classes with specific cue and post-test. The group which received perceptual cue showed better results. Thus, it was verified that the effects of cues depend on the specificity of the task concerning its information processing demands. It was concluded that task´s specificity related cue demonstrated its potential as knowledge for the students to guide them towards improvement of the quality of movement and confirms the possibility of its inclusion as a content to be taught in the school physical education.

Construção e validação de um instrumento de análise qualitativa do arremesso (lance-livre) do basquetebol / Development and validation of an instrument to assess movement quality of the basketball free throw shooting

Quando o profissional da área de Educação Física está ensinando uma habilidade motora, ele procura avaliar o movimento realizado pelo aluno e reflete sobre quais intervenções poderiam ser feitas naquele momento. No entanto, muitas vezes, o professor não dispõe de recursos que possam auxiliá-lo no processo de avaliação do movimento a ser aprendido pelo aluno. O processo de aquisição habilidades motoras poderia ser facilitado se o professor dispusesse nesse momento de um instrumento que identificasse o erro(s) cometido(s), bem como, qual seria a informação prioritária a ser fornecida ao aprendiz. Portanto, como a literatura especializada apresenta escassez no que diz respeito a esse tipo de ferramenta, o objetivo do presente estudo foi construir, validar e testar a objetividade e fidedignidade de um instrumento (checklist) que avalia a qualidade do arremesso do basquetebol (lance livre). O checklist da habilidade foi desenvolvido e avaliado por especialistas da modalidade esportiva e, posteriormente, o checklist foi utilizado para analisar 10 arremessos (vídeo editado) de quatro indivíduos em diferentes fases de aprendizagem da habilidade. Os resultados foram organizados em função do erro crítico e somatória de erros verificados pelos especialistas em duas ocasiões com uma semana de intervalo. Contrastando as avaliações do mesmo avaliador e entre avaliadores, em ambas as medidas, observou-se um nível de erro médio de 16,9%. Concluiu-se, portanto que o checklist proposto no presente estudo é um instrumento de avaliação do lance livre consistente e, nesse sentido, pode auxiliar professores e técnicos na análise qualitativa do arremesso. Além disso, esse instrumento de avaliação permite fazer inferências sobre o processo de aprendizagem de indivíduos nessa habilidade.

When a physical activity professional is teaching a motor skill, he evaluates the movement's learner and considers which interventions could be done at the moment. However, many times the instructor does not have such resources which could help him/her to evaluate the learner movement. The skill acquisition process could be facilitated if instructors could have an instrument that identifies errors, prioritizing information to be given to the learner. Considering that the specialized literature presents a lack of information about such tool, the purpose of this study was to develop, and to determine the objectivity and reliability of an instrument to assess the movement quality of the basketball free throw shooting. The checklist was developed and evaluated by basketball experts. Additionally, the checklist was used to assess 10 trials (edited video) from four individuals in different learning stages. Data were organized by the critical error and the error sum appointed by the experts in two different occasions (one week interval). Contrasting both evaluations, and also, contrasting different experts assessments, in sum and critical error, it was observed an average error of 16.9%. It was concluded that the checklist to assess the basketball free throw is reliable, and could help instructors to make a qualitative analysis. Moreover, the checklist may allow instructors to make assumptions on the motor learning process.

Interferência contextual e nível de habilidade na aprendizagem do serviço do voleibol / Contextual interference and level of skill in the learning of volleyball serve / Interferencia contextual y nivel de habilidad en el aprendizaje del servicio de voleibol

Este estudo investigou o efeito da interferência contextual (IC) na aquisição do serviço do voleibol em adolescentes com diferentes níveis de habilidade, considerando os testes de transferência imediato e retardado. A amostra foi composta por 56 meninas com idade entre 14 e 16 anos, distribuídas em quatro grupos de prática: aleatório com nível superior de habilidade (GAS), blocos com nível superior de habilidade (GBS), aleatório com nível inferior de habilidade (GAI) e blocos com nível inferior de habilidade (GBI). A tarefa motora consistiu dos serviços por baixo e por cima direcionados a alvos na quadra. Os resultados mostraram que o efeito da IC não foi observado nos grupos GAI e GBI, por outro lado, os grupos GAS e GBS apresentaram melhor desempenho no teste de transferência imediato. A ausência de diferenças significativas no teste de transferência retardado sugere que o efeito da IC pode ser temporário.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of contextual interference on acquiring the volleyball serve in adolescents with different skill levels, considering then immediate and delayed transfer tests. Participants were 56 schoolgirls separated in four practice groups: random practice with higher level skill subjects (GAS), blocked practice with higher level skill subjects (GBS), random practice with lower level skill subjects (GAI) and blocked practice with lower level skill subjects (GBI). The acquisition task consisted in performing underhand and overhead services directed at two targets affixed to the ground. The results showed no effect of contextual interference on the lower level skill subjects. However when comparing the types of practice between the higher level skill subjects, the effect was observed in the immediate transfer test. The absence of significant differences between groups in the delayed transfer test suggest that the contextual interference effect may be temporary.

Este estudio investigó el efecto de la interferencia contextual (IC) en la adquisición del servicio de voleibol en adolescentes con diferentes niveles de habilidad, teniendo en cuenta las pruebas de transferencia inmediata y retardada. La muestra estuvo conformada por 56 niñas de edades comprendidas entre 14 y 16 años, divididas en cuatro grupos de práctica: al azar con mayor nivel de habilidad (GAS), por bloques con mayor nivel de habilidad (GBS), al azar con menor nivel de habilidad (GAI ) y por bloques con menor nivel de habilidad (GBI). La tarea motora consistió de servicios por abajo y por encima dirigidos a objetivos en la cancha. Los resultados mostraron que no se observó el efecto de la IC en los grupos GAI y GBI, por otra parte, los grupos GAS y GBS presentaron mejor rendimiento en la prueba de transferencia inmediata. La ausencia de diferencias significativas en la prueba de transferencia de retraso sugiere que el efecto de la IC puede ser temporario.